1154: Nicholas Breakspear is elected Pope Hadrian IV, the only Englishman to become pope.
1667: birth of Michel Pignolet de Monteclair, composer
1829: Suttee' - the ritual burning of a wife with her dead husband - is outlawed by the British in India.
1888: birth of Aleksandar I Karadordjevic, king of Yugoslavia (1921-34)
1892: birth of Francisco Franco, general/dictator of Spain (1936-75)
1896: birth of Nikolai S Tichonov, Russian writer (against Pasternak)
1910: birth of Ramaswamy Venkataraman, President of India (1987-92)
1905: birth of Emilio Médici, President of Brazil (1969-74)
1961: The female oral contraceptive, or 'pill', becomes available on the National Health Service.
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